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Establishment of the Bulgarian State

The ancient Bulgarians were the basic ethnic component in the structure of the Mediaeval Bulgarian State. Their original homeland was in Central Asia, in the mountainous region of Pamir and Hindukush. They have left a rich cultural heritage in the field of the philosophic understanding of the world as well as in state administration, writing, military art, linguistic culture, construction, astronomy, mathematics. Eloquent proof of this is their calendar based on the sun cycles, which is perfect from astronomical and mathematical point of view. The powerful state union of the ancient Bulgars, known to history under the name of Great Old Bulgaria existed until the middle of the 7 th century when it broke down into new states-Volga Bulgaria and Danubean Bulgaria. The mighty Bulgarian Empire with Khan Asparuh at its head united the ancient Thracian nation and the Slavic tribes. This is how the Third Empire of Europe appeared in 681, so-called Danubean Bulgaria, on the crossroad with Asia and Africa. Its capital was called Pliska. Bysantium attacked the Bulgarian Empire in 811 and burned down the capital Pliska. The warriors of khan Krum immediately counterattacked and defeated the Byzantine army. Emperor Nikiphorus I was killed in the battle.

Upsurge of the Bulgarian State

Khan Boris I (852-889) converted the Bulgarians to Christianity and Bulgaria has been considered a Christian Orthodox country since 865. The creation and the establishment of the Bulgarian-Slavic writing by Cyril and Methodius-two monk brothers of Bulgarian origin is especially important in both cultural and historical terms. The alphabet created by them was adopted by other nations through the Christian religion. Tsar Simeon (893-927) moved the capital from Pliska to Preslav and expanded almost twofold the territory of Bulgaria. The period of his reign is known as the First Golden Age. Bulgaria bordered four seas-the Adriatic, the Aegean, the Marble and the Black Sea. During the reign of Tzar Samuil (997-1014), the capital was moved to Ohrid. In 1014 the troops of Samuil were defeated by the Byzantine emperor Basil II and that put an end to the first period in the history of Danubean Bulgaria. Bulgaria fell under Byzantine oppression for almost 170 years. In 1185 the brothers Asen and Peter gain back the independence of their country. Veliko Turnovo became the capital of the Second Bulgarian Empire. Tsar Ivan Asens reign was called the Second Golden Age. Bulgaria became a world power for the second time during the reign of Ivan Alexander (1331-1371).